The Effect of Visual Training and Mental Imagery on Free-Throw Performance among Basketball Players: A Systematic Review of Previous Studies

Abstract

This study aimed to systematically review previous research examining the role of mental imagery and visual training in shooting performance, with particular emphasis on free-throw accuracy among basketball players. A systematic review methodology was adopted based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Relevant studies were identified through searches of Arabic and international databases and scientific sources using keywords related to mental imagery, visual training, visual attention, Quiet Eye, shooting, and basketball free throws. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, followed by study screening and data extraction concerning participant characteristics, intervention type, program duration, measurement tools, and study outcomes. The findings revealed a generally positive trend regarding the effects of mental imagery on basketball performance, with relatively stronger evidence for free-throw performance. Studies examining visual training, particularly the Quiet Eye concept, highlighted the importance of visual attention and fixation during the preparation phase of shooting, with evidence linking visual behaviour to shooting accuracy. However, findings varied across studies, potentially due to differences in participant characteristics, intervention duration, training frequency, shooting skill, measurement instruments, and methodological limitations, including small samples. Overall, mental imagery and visual training appear to be complementary approaches that can be integrated into basketball training alongside technical and physical practice. Nevertheless, current evidence is insufficient to establish whether their combination is more effective than either approach independently. Further well-controlled studies with larger samples and standardized protocols are recommended.